Phrasebook for writing papers and research in english

Phrasebook for writing papers and research in english

The PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research gives you a bank of over words and phrases to help you write, present and publish at university and research level in English. Phrases are divided into around 30 main sections, such as Introducing a Study, Arguing For and Against, Reviewing other Work, Summarizing and Conclusions/5(80) English for Writing Research Papers Useful Phrases Many non-native researchers begin their writing career by reading extensively about their topic in English, and noting down useful generic phrases that they can then ‘paste’ into their own work. You can use such phrases as a template / structure for your paper into which you insert your own data PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English: Howe, Stephen, Henriksson, Kristina: Books - blogger.com

(PDF) PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English | Stephen Howe - blogger.com

To browse Academia. edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Skip to main content. edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English. Stephen Howe. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. READ PAPER. we In some subjects, using we to refer to a single author could be regarded as old-fashioned.

However, some writers use we to include the reader in the discussion -this is particularly the case in textbooks. Using we in a paper with more than one author is neutral. As in many subjects co-authored papers phrasebook for writing papers and research in english the norm, using we for a single author here could be misleading.

the author s The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of …The view of the author is that …Note: when writing about other authors' work, do not refer to yourself as the author swhich could be confused with the author you are reviewing, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english, as illustrated by the example above.

Style 13Sometimes, you may wish to refer specifically to one of the authors of a co-written work. In such case, you can use the author's initials:The interviews were conducted by one of the authors SH.

Impersonal phrasesIt is clear that … It is interesting that …This study argues … This paper will show … One possible explanation is that … Note: when stating an opinion, do not use impersonal forms such as It is believed, It is considered or It is assumed, as it is important to make clear whose opinion you are giving.

Instead, write for example: Many authors believe …Our view is that … Many researchers hold the view that … X assumes that … Passive phrasesThis can be explained by … It has been shown in this chapter how … The paper has been substantially revised.

An easy way to be consistent in your writing is to use a single dictionary as your guide. This can be the spelling checker on your computer or a traditional dictionary in book form. Dictionaries vary, so use the same dictionary or spelling checker throughout your text. Referring to the readerEnglish spelling is notoriously inconsistent: George Bernhard Shaw made the point that fish could be written ghoti using the letters gh in cough, o in women and ti in nation.

Today, writing on a computer means that many of the problems of English spelling are avoided, as a word processor automatically phrasebook for writing papers and research in english what you type and can also offer basic grammar advice.

However, many specialized terms common in university and research writing may be marked as incorrect by your computer -for example the most common word processor suggests pesto for postdoc, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english, Tactics for Tacitus, karaoke for keratose, Yeast for Yeats and baldheaded for aldehyde. Furthermore, spelling and grammar checkers often do not detect words written correctly but used in the wrong context -principle and principal or causal and casual for example.

Misspellings and malapropisms such as Jane Austen's heroin, currant research or the human gnome project might amuse your readers but would detract from your credibility. The PhraseBook therefore includes a number of Writing Help sections on commonly confused words in university and research writing.

British and US spellingsThe lists below give the most common spelling differences between British and US English. As stated above, most but not all of these will be picked up by your computer spell checker. However, it is important to be familiar with the basic spelling differences between the two varieties. Quotation marks can be 'single' or "double". They are written in the pattern for single and for double quotation marks, and always above the line not below the line as in phrasebook for writing papers and research in english languagesfor example:The Anti-Apartheid Movement campaigned for 'One man, one phrasebook for writing papers and research in english in South Africa.

The Civil Rights Movement campaigned for "One man, one vote" in the United States. You can use either single or double quotation marks, though you should be consistent throughout your text and follow any guidelines for your subject, journal or publisher. Generally, BritishEnglish uses single quotation marks, while US English uses double quotation marks. For example:The Anti-Apartheid campaigner stated, 'We will not rest until we achieve phrasebook for writing papers and research in english man, one vote" in South Africa'.

The Civil Rights campaigner stated, "We will not rest until we achieve 'One man, one vote' in the United States. American 'Indians'Columbus 'discovered' the 'New' World in She spoke with a 'posh' accent. Computer helpYou can set Microsoft Word to change straight quotation marks to curved as you type by going to AutoCorrect Options or AutoCorrect -AutoFormat As You Type and ticking the box "Straight quotes" with "Smart quotes" this option may depend on your program version.

For example from the American Declaration of Independence:'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal … with certain … rights … among these … life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

Some writers use four dots where an omission spans two or more sentences. Words or figures? A common rule for writing numbers is to write one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten as words, but larger numbers as figures.

The following numbers may also be written as words in normal text: There are around five thousand new students every year. Last year there were new students. Use figures with units or abbreviations Avoid beginning a sentence with a figureIn university and research writing you should avoid beginning a sentence with a figure, for example:1 in 10 pregnancies Better:One in ten pregnancies … 2.

For example:Compulsory education in Britain is from five to 16, though many children begin preschool at 3 or four. Better: Compulsory education in Britain is from 5 to 16, though many children begin preschool at 3 or 4.

Avoiding ambiguityHowever, where necessary numbers should be written phrasebook for writing papers and research in english words or figures to avoid ambiguity, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english, The following section sets out …This section will examine … … is or are introduced in this section or chapterThe analysis in chapter X … In X.

X it is argued that … In X. X the importance of … as a factor … is discussed This is followed by … Related workThe paper presented here is based in part on an earlier study The impact of … on … is not easy to determineThe effect of … on … has not been examined in detail.

its effects on … have not previously been studied in detail Importance of the studyThe study is important for a number of reasons:The study is of relevance because … Previous measurements based on … have shown that …The traditional approach has been to …This innovation allows us to …The most straightforward way of … is …This route would enable us to … This is the course or method adopted here.

The advantage of this approach is that … This approach has the advantage of or that … This allows … to be examined within the same framework. Writing practice1. Using phrases from the section above, discuss your findings a. Discuss findings that confirm or agree with your hypothesis or argument b. Discuss contradictory, unexpected or inconclusive findings 2. Using the words in italics in the section above, write five new phrases for your text 3. In class, in groups or in pairs, exchange texts and evaluate each other's writing, going through the points above 3Punctuation and British-American units.

A number of phrases for addressing the reader or including the phrasebook for writing papers and research in english in your discussion are given in the PhraseBook. These include:Addressing the readerConsider, for example, … Now consider the issue of As already mentioned, generally speaking British spellings are also used in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english.

Phrasebook for writing papers and research in english US column gives spellings used in the United States. Canadian English uses features of both British and US English, depending on the type of text.

Further examples can be found in the phrases section of the PhraseBook. Writing Help 12 I I would like to thank my supervisor, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english, X, who encouraged me to … I do not wish to imply that … So far, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english, I have not commented on … My own view is that … We can say that … What we are mainly concerned with here is … This brings us to the question of … What does this tell us about …?

Our view is that … One could argue that … This becomes clear when one examines … The limitations of … become evident if one considers … Reading X, one is reminded of …one Writing Help British English US English arbour some meanings arbor ardour ardor armour armor behaviour behavior candour candor clamour clamor colour color demeanour demeanor enamour enamor endeavour endeavor favour favor fervour fervor flavour flavor glamour glamour or glamor harbour harbor honour honor humour humor labour labor mould mold moult molt neighbour neighbor Writing Help 50 3.

The phrasebook for writing papers and research in english would be explained according to the views of some authors, by saying that the creative power had acted according to the same law over a wide area. For By convention, square brackets show that the comment or clarification was added by you and not by the original author s.

example in Shakespeare's Sonnet 'Shall I compare thee [you] to a summer's day? Thou art [you are] more lovely and more temperate. There have been 54 new cases this year. at … InX was a guest lecturer or a researcher at … X studied … at … with Professor A. Smith She received her PhD from the University of X in etc. He received his doctorate in … at … After graduating in … at …, X or he or she … She is currently … He was, until recently, Professor of … She was formerly … He was head of … between … and … She was head of … from … to … Introducing and study, chapter or section it seems appropriate to … … give a brief overview of the problem … provide a brief outline of … … outline the investigation It will highlight … An earlier version of this paper was presented at … … was published in the Journal of … This paper etc.

forms part of a larger study of … This paper etc. has been submitted for publication in … Parts of this study have been or were presented at the conference on … Parts of this paper were presented in a lecture on … to … in April etc.

This paper … … is a revised version of … … has been substantially revised … includes new chapters on … There are new sections on … Writing practice 1.

Using phrases from the section above, write an introduction to your text 2. In class, in groups or in pairs, exchange texts and evaluate each other's writing, going through phrasebook for writing papers and research in english points above The aim of your study and outlining the topic … is widely perceived as … the question has been raised whether … Present understanding of … is limited. the field of … is still relatively undeveloped there is as yet or at present no consensus on … As yet, no one explanation has gained acceptance.

there is at present little agreement on the causes of etc. are unable to … The relationship to other work … has or have been discussed, examined etc. extensively in the literature several or various explanations etc. have been suggested in the literature a great many explanations etc.

have been put forward for … The topic is not a new one; however, … There is now a substantial body of research or literature or work on … the wealth of literature on … Noteworthy studies of … are … X's most influential work X and Y, in their influential study of …, … … has been carried out in detail by X The most detailed examination or study of … to date is … Initial observations suggest or indicate that … Previous studies of or on … have shown or suggested that … Results from earlier studies have indicated or suggested that … Research conducted in the s etc, phrasebook for writing papers and research in english.

indicated that … this has led some authors to suggest that … It has been shown or demonstrated repeatedly that … This view can be found in … a number of other studies … In a preliminary or an exploratory study, X found that … … has been linked to … …, which is also known to cause etc.

that or how … … was the first major work in or on … Before X, it was widely believed that … Phrases a long-standing question the long-standing issue of … … are known to exist a new line of inquiry Contrasting work Another view is that … …, whereas X believes that … a competing theory This contrasts with … who found that … In contrast, a study of … found or reported or showed … this interpretation has recently been challenged, however X's theory, explanation etc.

has been challenged on various or several grounds: Although research suggests that …, previous studies have … Although a number of studies exist on …, … still a great deal of disagreement … has been hotly debated in the literature a bone of contention a source or hotbed of controversy Controversy remains regarding … Although controversial, … critics of … theory would argue that … X and X's response is that … X's views have failed to gain widespread acceptance X has been criticized US and GB or criticised GB for failing to take account of etc.

should, however, be treated with caution The results should be treated with a degree of or some or considerable caution X's conclusions would carry more weight if … further clarification of … is required X and Y fail to explain … the causal relationship between … and … needs to be clarified a number of valid criticisms … violates the principle of … It is not clear why … It is not immediately obvious how or why … … may have been indirectly influenced by … although the mechanism is not completely understood The results are unclear or inconclusive or contradictory … can be interpreted in a number of waysInterpreting findings Related Papers.

New Phrasebook. By ROS HANI.

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PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English by Stephen Howe

Phrases are divided into around 30 main sections, such as Introducing a Study, Arguing For and Against, Reviewing other Work, Summarizing and Conclusions. Many sections are further divided, for exa The PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research gives you a bank of over words and phrases to help you write, present and publish at university and research level in English/5(1) The PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research gives non-native-speaking researchers a bank of over words and phrases to help write, present and publish in English The PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research has been developed to help you write English of a very high standard. It has evolved from the experience of teaching English and editing university and research texts, as well as the authors’ own university and research writ-ing. It provides a corpus of over words and phrases for writing in English. Rather than concen-